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more peaceful,says Surbeck.To learn more about interactions between groups,Surbeck and Samuni observed 31adult bonobo s from two social groups in Congo over a two-year period.The pair documented 95 encounters betweenthe groups,which represented about 20%of their total observation time.Unlike chimpanzees observed in previousstudies,they showed cooperation with out-group members.In fact,10%of all mutual grooming (and 6%of allfood sharing occurred among members of different social groups.While bonobo s that groomed others usually got an immediate benefit,food sharing rarely resulted in a gift inreturn.This suggests that their actions were "not just motivated by selfish interests or immediate rewards",Surbeckand Samuni report.Otten,a researcher from the Netherlands,finds the study"exciting",especially as it"challenges the idea ofhuman exceptionalism"with regard to out-group cooperation.Otten says the bonobo s that were most cooperativewithin their groups were the same ones that cooperated more with out-group members.This agrees with findings fromhumans."Scholars used to believe that in-group 'love'goes together with out-group hate',but recent researchsuggests that often in-group cooperators are also out-group cooperators,"he says.28.What is the focus of the study on bonobos?A.Their social behavior.B.Their survival skillsC.Their evolutionary process.D.Their intelligence level.29.What can be learnt about the bonobos?A.They are humans'closest relatives.B.They can be taught to cooperate.C.They interact friendly beyond groups.D.They share food for immediate rewards.30.How was the study conducted?A.By comparing different primates.B.By observing bonobos'interactions.C.By listing group members'motivations.D.By analysing statistics of previous studies.31.How does Otten find the study?A.Forward-looking.B.Groundbreaking.C.Controversial.D.One-sided.0Studies have shown the mere exposure effect,also referred to as the familiarity principle,inspires our decisions.It is a helpful psychological mechanism that helps us sustain our energy and focus our attention on other thingsGetting used to new things takes effort and it can be exhausting.So unless we have a terrible experience,we are likelyto buy from companies we've got used to.That is why companies spend so much money on advertising and marketingand why insurance companies openly charge existing customers more than new ones.It's not the case that we only desire things we already know.Some studies suggest when invited to share ourpreferences,we sometimes see less familiar options as more desirable.But when acting on that preference,we fallback to what we know.This might explain why sometimes the things we want and the things we do don't quite matchup.We might even return to companies that treated us poorly in the past or stay in bad relationshipsIt's easy to paint the familiarity principle as an enemy or something to battle as if it is something that holds usback from living our dreams.But this attitude might be overwhelming because it tends to encourage us towardbig-picture thinking.Where we imagine that change requires a substantial dramatic swing that we don't feel ready for.Some articles suggest the solution to familiarity frustration is complete exposure to novelty.While this can appear